A can of air duster just hasn't got the oomph to blow concrete dust / debris out of a deep vertical hole.
You need the hole clear of dust and to do that use one of these, it's designed for the job. Wear safety glasses, the dust gets ejected straight up at some speed.
Half fill the hole with the epoxy and don't just push the bolt in, screw it in, this gets you maximum contact between the resin and the bolt.
That's a big lump of concrete and will be damp in the middle for several weeks. I left mine to fully cure for a month before drilling the holes. You might get away with a week or two, but is it worth the rush, especially at this time of year?