astroavani

Excellent explanation colleague Barry. Grateful for the Nik271 quote, these channels had already caught my attention for a long time, so much so that I published a small article on Astrobin that can be seen here: https://www.astrobin.com/321994/?nc=&nce= It is a very interesting region that deserves to be selected as a priority target for all who enjoy lunar observation.

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L22 - Aristarchus Plateau - Mysterious elevated region covered with pyroclastics 26,0N 51,0 W I think that at that time of the championship I already photographed almost all the objects on the lunar list of my good friend Chuck Wood (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_100). To be honest, I never bothered to stick to the list, I just take pictures of places that I find interesting, but it would be an extremely interesting project to meet all 100 high resolution goals with amateur equipment. Anyone who looks at this photo and sees the beauty of Plateau Aristarchus next to the two craters that accompany it, does not even notice the Herodotus Omega dome, in fact most of us put the observation of the deep sky on hold when the lunar glow intrudes on the dark skies. But why, instead of limiting your telescope, don't take the opportunity to observe the Moon itself? The crescent moon phase is a good time to become familiar with one of the most evocative features of our satellite: its domes. Many of the Moon's characteristic landscapes were created by impact. Craters, rays, mountain ranges, seas and basins abound. The lunar domes are different. They formed as a result of the Moon's own internal volcanism. Similar to shield volcanoes in Iceland and Hawaii (including Mauna Kea on the Big Island) in addition to Olympus Mons on Mars, they form when highly fluid lavas spring through a central caldera in the surface. They are almost all of low explosiveness, unlike their cousins, the most violent terrestrial stratovolcanoes that occupy the headlines. Like a leaf stacked after another, after the lava flows under the crust, a dome slowly builds up over time, forming a wide and gently tilted mound like a warrior shield with a high center and a lower edge. Shield volcanoes can be small, like Icelandic and lunar varieties, or wide and huge, like Olympus Mons. A typical lunar dome measures between 5 and 7.5 miles (8-12 km) in diameter with a peak or caldera ~ 900 feet (~ 300 meters) in height. The slopes are very smooth with just a few degrees. More than 300 lunar domes are known, many visible on amateur telescopes with 3-inch openings upwards. There are two key requirements for good dome observation - good atmospheric stability (seeing) and observing the dome near the terminator shortly after the lunar sunrise or before sunset as was done in this photo with Herodotus Omega. Most domes are subtle, low-contrast features that become sizzling with poor seeing. Low light, produces long shadows on the peaks and edges of the craters, and makes their gently tilted shapes have the best contrast. You will be more excited when you can see the boiler. When you see the dome hole, you really see a dome for what it is: a volcano previously active on the days when the moon still had intense geological activity. About 60 km southwest of the Herodotus Crater at the Oceanus Procellarum it is easy to find Herodotus Omega. A dome 6 miles wide (10 km) covered by a boiler on the summit, visible in good view even with a modest telescope using high power. The next time you go to watch the Moon near the end, don't forget to pay attention to these rounded shapes that easily stand out in relation to the surrounding terrain, be sure to remember that the Moon once had its volcanoes active and even today it is far of being the dead world that many believe. Source: Lunar 100 - Chuck Woods Sky and Telescope - A short guide to lunar domes - Bob King Wikipedia - Lunar Dome Adaptation and text: Avani Soares

Look at this image! It is impossible not to be amazed by this corner of the moon. Corner, which in fact, is almost in the center. In this fantastic scenario, our poor Santos Dumont goes almost unnoticed because both the Apenninus Mons and the different Rimaes that meander through the landscape steal the first sight of any observer. Even so, we want to pay our tribute to one who was undoubtedly one of the greatest Brazilians and who fills us with pride. Santos-Dumont is an impact crater with a circular shape, considered small, with its approximate 8 km in diameter and 2 km deep, easily found if we are guided by the eastern edge of the Mare Imbrium, located on a summit of the Apenninus Mountains, in the near center north of the Moon (selenographic coordinates of 27.7 ° N and 4.8 ° E). The crater is approximately 60 km away from where the Apollo 15 Mission landed in 1971 (in order, the fourth Mission to land on the lunar soil and the first to use a Lunar Rover to explore the Earth's natural satellite ), the Falcon lunar module landed on the Moon with astronauts David Scott (1932) and James Irwin (1930 - 1991) in the Hadley-Apennines region, while astronaut Alfred Worden (1932 - 2020) remained in orbit around the Moon during the mission, lasting a total of 3 days of mission on the satellite. Named in 1973 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), Santos-Dumont was the first lunar crater to be named after a Brazilian (with two more on the far side of the Moon, one of which is De Moraes) and the only one on the side visible. The tribute went to Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873 - 1932), aeronautical engineer and Brazilian inventor, known as “Father of Aviation” for being one of the precursors of the plane, he left his legacy, as he created the Balão Brasil (airship with a gasoline motor), the famous 14-Bis plane and the Demoiselle. The Santos Dumont crater was initially known as Hadley B, before his last appointment, which was influenced by the first Brazilian aviator woman, Anésia Pinheiro Machado (1902 - 1999). An interesting fact about the naming of the crater is the date, July 20, 1973, the same day as Alberto Santos-Dumont's centenary and also the birthday of his father, Henrique Dumont, in addition to being the same date on which he was 4 years old that astronaut Neil Alden Armstrong (1930 - 2012) stepped on the lunar soil for the first time, in 1969.

Thank you colleague!

Clavius is considered the third largest crater (Aitken at the South Pole, being the largest), in addition to being a very old crater, located close to the lunar South Pole. It measures approximately 225 km in diameter and 4.9 km in depth, originated about 4 billion years ago (Nectarian period), after a bolide impact. The name was given in honor of a wise Jesuit, mathematician and German astronomer highly regarded in his period, Christopher Clavius (1538-1612). A very relevant feature of Clavius is its appearance, the crater has a circular shape and its interior has some smaller craters that originated due to strong shocks of bolides that occurred after its creation. Of the secondary craters of Clavius present in the image, we can see Porter (bottom left) with its approximate 50 km in diameter, Rutherfurd (top left), also measuring about 50 km in diameter. It is interesting to note that the smaller craters form an almost perfect “arc”, with different and continuous diameters. Starting with the largest crater in the "arch", Clavius D, about 29 km in diameter, close to Rutherfurd; then, Clavius C, about 21 km in diameter, Clavius N, about 13 km and, finally, Clavius J, with approximately 12 km in diameter. Outside the “arch”, on the edge of Clavius (left corner), there is Clavius K (upper) and Clavius L (lower). Clavius, being a very large crater, can be easily found and viewed on the Moon both with the naked eye and with instruments for astronomical observations. A mini elevation present inside, due to impacts suffered over time, causes that in certain periods of the day, it forms a very subtle shadow on its inner edge. On October 26 of last year, 2020, NASA published a very important discovery related to Clavius, a survey conducted by NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), confirmed the presence of a moderately sudden concentration of water molecules in the crater, after years of research to detect lunar water. Shortly after the Apollo 11 mission, which took the man to the moon, the complete absence of water on the satellite was still believed. Currently, missions such as LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite), for example, have already confirmed the presence of solid water hidden in areas that are not illuminated by the sun, from craters near the South and North Pole of the Moon. Astrobin link: Photo: Avani Soares Text: Liza Bruna

https://www.astrobin.com/full/6hazig/0/?nc=user Ptolemaeus is a circular crater approximately 153 km in diameter, located southwest of the visible lunar face, close to the craters in the image, Ammonius (upper corner near the center of Ptolemaeus), Alphonsus (to the right of Ptolemaeus), Arzachel (to the right of Alphonsus), Alpetragius (slightly below, between Alphonsus and Arzachel), Albategnius (upper right above Ptolemaeus), Klein (below Albategnius) and Herschel (to the left of Ptolemaeus). The crater received this nomenclature in honor of the Greek-Roman astronomer from Alexandria, Claudius Ptolemaeus (90-168). Ptolemaeus is generally known to have a shallow surface. In the period of its creation (Pre-nectarian), the crater was about 5.5 km deep, but the interior of the crater was flooded by basaltic lava caused by cracks in the crust due to the strong impact that created it. This ended up leaving the inner floor of the crater with a broad and smooth appearance and approximately 2.6 km in depth. Subsequently, this region was hit by many other impacts, the Ptolemaeus border, for example, was hit vigorously by projectiles expelled during the impact that formed the Mare Imbrium basin. These subsequent impacts must have suffered a new spill of lava that ended up covering most of these faces and originated what is known as "ghost" craters. Which are visible only in very low angle sunlight, for a short period of time around sunrise and sunset. As a result, there are thousands of other "ghost" craters present on the lunar surface that have not been identified due to the difficulty in viewing, since most probes work with images when the angle of sunlight is high on the surface. There are numerous "ghost" craters present in Ptolemaeus, in which Ptolemaeus B stands out, about 14.5 km in diameter (on the upper left, next to the Ammonius crater). On December 25, Chinese researchers at Jilin University collected data from the Chang´e-1 and Chang´e-2 probes and identified about 109,000 impact craters that were not previously recognized, and the age estimate of approximately 18,000 of them, the study was published in the journal Nature Communications. The researchers created an identification platform through transparency and enabled a neural web with data from known craters. Finally, the researchers defined a new database of craters present in the regions of medium and low extension of the moon. Photo: Avani Soares Text: Liza Bruna

https://www.astrobin.com/full/14nsgx/0/?nc=user The word "catena" is a Latin term defined by the International Astronomical Union to indicate a chain of small craters. A catena can have several origins, one of which is endogenous, it refers to volcanic activities along lines, where small eruptions occurred underground. As much as small catenas are still classified as collapse well chains related to volcanic activity, it is believed that most lunar catenas indicate the rebound points expelled by larger shocks. Some may indicate points where the Moon was hit by an object from space that broke before impact, as is often the case with comets.A very significant chain of craters is the catena Abulfeda, shown in the photo. The Abulfeda catena, also known as "Abulfeda Crater Chain", is a crater chain approximately 210 km long. The four largest reference craters in the photo are; Abulfeda (on the right, 65 km), Almanon ( near the center, 49 km), Geber (at the bottom left, 44 km), and Tacitus (at the bottom right, 41 km) In 1976, the Abulfeda crater was named after the 14th century Kurdish historian Ismael Abul- fida.We can easily see the Descartes crater, which is located just above, in the upper right corner of the Abulfeda crater. The Descartes A crater is located next to the right edge of the Abulfeda crater. A section of the outer edge of Descartes is covered by a region that has an albedo higher than the surrounding surface. It is worth mentioning that approximately 50 kilometers north of this crater was the landing site for Apollo 16. The irregular region around the landing area is sometimes called the Descartes Plateau or the Descartes Mountains.Photo: Avani SoaresText: Liza Bruna

Rima Ariadaeus is one of several systems of linear channels nestled in the highlands between Mare Vaporum and Mare Tranquillitatis. Some channels, such as Vallis Schroteri, (https://www2.lpod.org/wiki/August_6,_2013), were formed by volcanic eruptions. Other channels, such as Rima Ariadaeus, are believed to be failures that formed as a result of tectonic activity. Some scientists believe that the linear channels may have formed after major impact events, while others believe that they were formed as a surface manifestation of deep dyke systems when the moon was still volcanically active. Experts agree that Rima Ariadaeus, about 300 km long, is a fault system similar to those on Earth. A large portion of Rima Ariadaeus is visible in this photo, and the same image shows (arrow 1) part of the escarpment of the canal failure. Rima Ariadaeus is 5 km wide and interrupts the pre-existing geological features. Stratigraphic relationships between the channel and other surface features can help determine whether the channel is older or younger than these features in relation to relative age. For example, the groove cuts a protrusion in the middle left of the frame (arrow 2), this relationship suggests that the channel is younger than the crest, because the channel has changed the shape of the crest. However, in the image, it is noted that there are small craters present at the bottom of the channel, which suggests that the channel is older than these overlapping craters. So also the small bridge (arrow 3), seems to have formed after the channel. These types of observations are used to examine stratigraphic relationships and the relative ages of landforms in this region, so that scientists can reconstruct the geological history of the moon. The Domes of Arago and Julius Caesar herself are a toast in an image that in itself is magnificent. Source: LROC / NASA Adaptation and Text: Avani Soares https://cdn.astrobin.com/thumbs/eqYMr7fu35yD_1824x0_8Z_8nkNM.jpg

https://www.astrobin.com/full/qri2gw/0/?nc=user Janssen is located 140 km southwest of the Rheita Valley. Janssen's diameter is robust 190 km (Copernicus, the “Queen” of all craters, has a “mere” 95 km in diameter!). Janssen is a classic example of how new craters overlap the body of older craters and, at the same time, are smaller than the older craters that support them. Although Janssen is very old and its walls are in ruins, you should watch it carefully when the sun is low, it is like visiting the ruins of an old castle; it is still full of artifacts and reminders of a bygone era. The remains of the walls are still visible and there are mountains, rilles and well-defined craters inside. The biggest intruder is the Fabricius crater (78 km), which occupies the northern portion of the floor. Fabricius has a slightly distorted shape, a linear group of central peaks rising almost 1 km in height and, also, a second mountain range north of the central peaks that is perfectly visible in this photo. The most impressive channel, Rima Janssen, is visible through small telescopes. It appears to be a graben that curves visibly from Janssen's southwest wall and connects to Fabricius's south wall. It is unusual because it is a mountainous channel. Janssen and Fabricius are a rewarding field to watch, visit them often.

https://www.astrobin.com/full/xz79ct/0/?nc=user Mare Humorum, or Sea of Moisture, is one of the smaller circular maria on the lunar nearside, about 825 kilometres across. The mountains surrounding it mark the edge of an old impact basin which has been flooded and filled by mare lavas. These lavas also extend past the basin rim in several places. In the upper right are several such flows which extend northwest into southern Oceanus Procellarum. Mare Humorum was not sampled by the Apollo program, so its precise age could not been determined yet. However, geologic mapping indicates that its age lies in between that of the Imbrium and the Nectaris basins, suggesting an age of about 3.9 ± 0.5 thousand million years. Humorum is filled with a thick layer of mare basalt, believed to exceed 3 kilometres in thickness at the centre of the basin. On the north edge of Mare Humorum is the large crater Gassendi, which was considered as a possible landing site for Apollo 17. Mare Humorum is a scientifically interesting area because it allows the study of the relationships among lunar mare filling, mare basin tectonics, and global thermal evolution to the major mascon maria – regions of the Moon's crust which contain a large amount of material with a density higher than average for that area (Solomon, Head, 1980). Past studies (Budney, Lucey) revealed that craters in mare Humorum sometimes excavate highland material, allowing to estimate the thickness from below the mare cover. From this, it was also possible to determine that the multiring structure of the Humorum basin has a diameter of 425 kilometres (results based on the US Clementine global topography data). In general, the chronology of lunar volcanism is based on the radiometric ages determined from landing site samples from the Apollo and Luna missions, from the study of the relationship between the stratigraphy (layering of deposits) in different regions, and from the analysis of lunar craters – how they degraded over time and how their distribution in number and size varies over the Moon's surface. From crater statistics, Hiesinger et al. (2000) found that in Humorum there was a peak of eruptions at about 3.3 to 3.5 thousand million years ago. Source: Smart-1/ESA

LOL. Last week a funny thing occurred to me! A girl called me for the first time asking for help in planetary astrophotography, after clarifying her doubts she told me the following: "Oh, you're a legend, some say you don't exist, and it's just a simulation of what would be a" planetary astrophotographer "that achieves results comparable to NASA's" I had to laugh a lot!

Love it!

Thank you for your concern. I hope to return to normal soon, things change a lot with an entire sick family. Thank God everyone is already recovered, only I was left behind because I was the last one to catch him, yet God is wise, first he gave me the strength to take care of everyone until my turn came. Hugs!

https://www.astrobin.com/full/n6siza/0/?nc=user Talking to the moon On a starry night She appears quietly Your shine gets stronger Clearing my path The sky gets more beautiful With the reflection of your gaze And in the silence of the night She makes me walk As far as she is Will never fail to shine Your light doesn't go out And let life take me Whether new or full moon I will always be your admirer Your beauty fascinates me In reverence for the creator

I've already managed to recover my old account! I apologize .

Recently, NASA found evidence of fresh ice on Encélado, one of the moons on the planet Saturn, capable of harboring life. The ice rinks were captured by infrared images recorded by the Cassini spacecraft, and were announced in a NASA statement. Enceladus is one of the bets of scientists to shelter life. It is speculated that, some years ago, it was studied that there is an underground ocean beneath its thick icy crust, and that perhaps there are natural substances for the emergence of life. , the Enceladus looks quite uniform, with a shiny white icing, like a snowball sailing through space. In records captured by Cassini, astronomers found that some of that ice on the Moon is fresh. Therefore, the event raised questions among scientists, and it is now speculated that internal activities are re-emerging in Enceladus. Although appearing uniform, the Moon of Saturn is not a peaceful place to live. In 2005, the Cassini probe captured plumes of salt water emerging from four giant parallel chasms at the south pole of the moon, named 'Tiger Stripes'. Since then, the probe has seen more than 100 geysers in the region. The parallel chasms are derived from the natural phenomenon that occurs in Saturn's orbit. The planet pulls and stretches its moon, causing internal warming and geothermal activity, forming cracks in the icy surface of the south pole. The geysers expel water from inside, reaching the surface and forming layers of frozen liquid. These events were only discovered because of the new technology installed on the Cassini probe, called Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). The tool collected the reflected light from Saturn, its ten main moons and its rings, and divided them into divergent wavelengths. The Cassini spacecraft was sent to space in 1977, entering Saturn's orbit in 2004. Its mission was completed in 2017, when the spacecraft was launched against the planet's atmosphere. Even so, the probe managed to register new phenomena about Enceladus and inform NASA's headquarters. Source: G Notícias - Daniela S. - 20/09/2020

Some explanations about the photo captions: First of all, I put the date and time as stated in WinJUpos Then I place the CM, which are the meridians used to locate the positions on Jupiter, the most important is the CMIII which is the Magnetic meridian, as it never changes. So any scholar can accurately locate something on Jupiter and compare it to another photographer's photo anywhere in the world. Because Jupiter has a very dynamic atmosphere and new things are always coming up like Outbreak in the temperate zone above the GRS. Above the setup I made an estimate of the seeing and put the altitude that the star was at the time of the photo. Then I put the setup that was used to make the photo, this is also important to give an idea of the level reached, because you can't want a C8 to take a photo with the details of a C14, can you? Finally, I put the place where the photo was taken, in this case, República Rio Grandense because we declared independence.

Again the King of the Rings This has been a difficult season in the south of Brazil for photos of Jupiter and Saturn, the weather almost never collaborates, we are having a lot of rain and cloudiness and, when the turbulence clears, it has detonated everything. Even so, using improved techniques you can get some interesting photos amidst a lot of mediocre photos. Those two were fortunately one of them.

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Rima Ariadaeus!

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Não, apenas mudei um pouco, é autor desconhecido!

TALKING TO THE MOON On a starry night She appears quietly Its brightness gets stronger Clearing my path The sky is more beautiful With the reflection of your gaze And in the silence of the night She makes me walk As far as she is Will never fail to shine Your light doesn't go out And let life take me Whether new or full moon I will always be your admirer Your beauty fascinates me In awe of the creator

Domes of Arago This is the best week for lunar observation, the shadows are long and the formations stand out easily. In this particular photo we can see the domes near Arago. There are a pair of very large domes, one to the north (Arago Alpha) and one to the west (Arago Beta). These are two of the largest and most prominent domes of the Moon and, halfway between Arago a and the Maclear crater (160 kilometers to the northeast), you will find a challenging group of four smaller domes. It will be a good victory for you, if you can identify them. The domes or domes, are low and rounded structures, found in areas of mares where formerly the growing magma pushed upwards and caused the lunar surface to jump in bubble-like bumps. Sometimes, the underlying pressure was not enough to cause the magma to break; others, the domes erupted in small, slightly inclined shield volcanoes, and their holes in the summit can actually be seen under low angle lighting as seen here: https://www.astrobin.com/200363/?nc=user The lunar domes do not attract attention, like the most spectacular craters and mountains, so they are easily ignored, but they are fascinating objects and are worth the effort to look for. As the endogenous theory of crater formation has been widely contested, it is fun to hunt for evidence that there was indeed volcanic activity on the Moon. You will need at least 15 cm of aperture and 150 to 300X power to view most of the domes. As the lunar progresses, pay attention to the region near the terminator, it is a good challenge to try to identify these formations in addition to being a testament to the good optical quality of your equipment. Source: Andrew Planck Adaptation: Avani Soares