astroavani

Hello everybody! I don't have a setup dedicated to solar photography, so for fun I usually use a Baader solar sheet and a Solar Contnuum filter with the C14 or an Explore Scientific AR 127. Below are some contributions to the post. Equipment used in the image, stacking 72 frames out of a total of 1500

Sirsalis rhyme Judging by what has been read on the internet recently, there is a lot of confusion and a lot of disagreement about the channels, or lunar grooves. Different websites say that Rima Sirsalis or Sirsalis Rille, shown in the attached image, is a lava tube or lava channel, but some admit some confusion as this volcanic feature formed in the highlands of the Moon rather than in the seas. The word rille (channel or groove) is used to describe a wide variety of valleys that are considerably longer than they are wide. Winding channels, like the Marius, are volcanic lava tubes. Linear ones such as Ariadaeus and concentric ones such as Hippalus are tectonic cracks normally associated with the stress regime related to the impact basins. Linear channels are interpreted as depressions formed over vertical bundles of magma called dykes. Dikes are born in regions where the horizontal stress is extensional, making it easy for the dike to push up the surrounding rocks. Sirsalis Rille, is one of the largest channels, or linear grooves on the Moon, approximately 380 km long. According to bibliographic references, the channel has a maximum width of 3.7 km and an average depth of 230 meters. What supports the interpretation of this channel as a volcanic dyke, are the magnetic measurements made by the Apollo and Lunar Prospector spacecraft, which revealed a large linear anomaly over the dyke. Sirsalis Rille is among the 8 or 10 channels approximately radial to the hypothetical Gargantua impact basin which had its western third filled by Oceanus Procellarum. Somehow the dikes are related to the vast Gargantua depression, but exactly how this relationship occurs is still a mystery. The Sirsalis Channel is fascinating because in addition to being large in length it has a strong gravitational field, but the channel seen in the image can also be considered striking as it falls into the De Vico A crater and then scales its wall continuing on the other side. Looking at it like this, it seems that he appeared in this region like lightning. But it actually emerged, thanks to forces coming from below, apparently a vertical sheet of magma that also likely traveled laterally and fed lava into Oceanus Procellarum. As the channel cannot float, it is lower inside the crater than in its rim. To the east the channel crosses the interior of a large unnamed crater where it undergoes a major detour. The reason for this deviation is completely mysterious, but one thing that is clear is a series of canals that appear to start at Sirsalis and head towards Darwin, where a large canal crosses the interior diagonally. Channels sometimes seem to have a life of their own doing what they want to do. At least that's how they appear to be when we fail to understand the forces that created them. In April 2013, photographing the same location (https://www.astrobin.com/47300/?q=sirsalis%2C%20astroavani), my colleague Zeca saw the photo and made an interesting observation: It looks like the shadow of Sirsalis J is apparently abnormal! He also launched some very interesting speculations and my curiosity was piqued. I analyzed QuickMap and created a three-dimensional image of this crater. I searched the internet but didn't find specific information about it. I find it interesting to repeat your statements here: "There is something unusual about Sirsalis J, this crater just below Sirsalis F. See that the direction of the shadow inside the crater is at a different angle to the other surrounding craters. Also, it appears to be on top of a hill and that might explain your wrong shadow". Sirsalis J is an impact crater near the top of a mountain, it could have some inclination different from other craters that occur in plains, this would explain its shadow with different orientation. It could still be speculated that this mountain could be a volcano because of its apparent cone shape and for being in Rimae Sarsilis. These are speculations, but they can generate interesting research. I believe that the impact of an object this size on top of a hill would probably destroy the entire hill, but these are pure assumptions without any basis. In fact, looking at the 3D QuickMap image, one has the strong impression that there is a super dome, something I don't know exists on the moon with such proportions. Anyway, as Zeca said, they are pure speculations, but they make the art of lunar photography such a delightful hobby.

Vallis Inghirami Inghirami (91km) and Vallis Inghirami (145km), can only be well observed in favorable librations of west longitude. In this particular photo, the libration was 6.56º. The crater and vallis appear to have suffered a landslide. Online reading reveals that this surface was formed by the molten material ejected from the Mare Orientale formation. The molten ejecta exploded in the Inghirami Valley and splashed onto the crater floor and then solidified. Note that the terraces at Vallis, reminiscent of glacial crevasses, are aligned with gradient and sloping flow, implying that they were formed in a liquid state. Second, the crater ruptured in two places in the northwest, carrying the flow of ejecta that covered the crater floor. Also Vallis Inguirami is on the famous Lunar 100 list created by my friend Chuck Woods with the number 97. Almost all telescope users are familiar with French comet hunter Charles Messier's catalog of diffuse objects. Messier's 18th-century listing of 109 galaxies, clusters, and nebulae contains some of the largest, brightest, and most interesting deep-sky treasures visible from the Northern Hemisphere. It's no wonder that observing all M objects is considered a virtual rite of passage for amateur astronomers. But the night sky offers an object bigger, brighter and more visually captivating than anything on Messier's list: the Moon. However, many backyard astronomers never go beyond the astro-tourism stage to acquire the knowledge and understanding necessary to truly appreciate what they are seeing, and how magnificent and amazing it really is. Perhaps that's because after identifying some of the moon's most visible features, many hobbyists don't know where to look next. The Lunar 100 list is an attempt to provide Moon lovers with something similar to what deep sky observers enjoy with the Messier catalogue: a selection of telescopic sights to spark interest and improve understanding. It features a selection of the 100 most interesting regions, craters, basins, mountains, channels and domes on the Moon. It is a challenge for observers to find and observe them all and, more importantly, to consider what each feature tells us about lunar and Earth history. Lunar Anatomy 100 Objects in Lunar 100 are arranged from easiest to view to most difficult. This is more systematic than the random approach that produced the Messier list. In fact, just knowing the Lunar 100 number of a feature gives you an idea of how easy or challenging it will be to see. For example, the Moon itself is L1, while L2 is the cinereous light and L3 is the light/dark dichotomy between the lunar highlands and maria ("seas"). I'd be surprised if anyone reading this couldn't tick those off the list right now. Objects with higher numbers are smaller, less visible, or positioned closer to limbo, making them more difficult to locate and visualize. I invite you to use Lunar 100 to guide your explorations of the Moon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_100). Source: Refreshing Views Observatory, Marc Radice / Lunar 100, Chuck Woods, Sky & Telescope, GarySeronik / Wikipedia Adaptation: Avani Soares https://cdn.astrobin.com/images/3740/2022/077340d9-f3e8-4f43-aaa4-828fa83bc77f.png

Hello vineyard! This prediction was actually made last year but apparently seems to be coming true. I don't have a link, I actually summarized several articles. Thanks for the comment!

AR 2978 Sunspots are small “darkens” on the surface of the sun, which occur when an intense magnetic field decreases both the flow of energy emanating from the sun's interior and the temperature of the region. So sunspots aren't really black or dull spots, just less bright - the regions around them are so bright that, in contrast, the spots end up looking dark. The fact is that sunspots are directly related to most solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CME), which cause problems in telecommunications satellites, transmission lines and even interruption in power supply, in addition to hitting astronauts with radiation. harmful to health. The greater the number of sunspots, the greater the number of solar flares and the greater the chance of major problems occurring as a result of this high solar activity. Therefore, sunspots have motivated thousands of investigations since the discovery of the solar cycle, 175 years ago - which is a period of approximately 11 years, where there is always an increase and then a decrease in the number of spots observed on the surface of the sun. Since then, research emphasis has been on understanding the physics of the formation of these spots, in addition to trying to predict the properties of upcoming solar cycles using statistics or physical methods. Nowadays, a large number of techniques are able to explain the time frames, the geometric shape and the amplitude of sunspot cycles. However, predicting these characteristics in advance remains an open problem. A published study, however, proved to be one of the most robust alternatives ever devised. Researcher Scott McIntosh and colleagues used a mathematical method (Hilbert transforms) to delve into the relationship between the sun's magnetic cycle and the amplitude of the sunspot cycle, using 270 years of collected data. The researchers identified what they called termination events, which could be related to several phenomena - among them, the end of the previous sunspot cycle, the intensification of the current cycle, and the end of magnetic activity cycles. Using these markers, they were able to extract a relationship between the number of events and the solar cycle that allows them to make a prediction with 68% reliability. From this, the researchers deduced that the next solar cycle (which is starting now) will have a very high magnitude, which will rival the largest ever recorded and could become the most intense in history - a different result from the consensus of the current scientific community. , which predicts a less active cycle similar to the previous one. The result is vital to understanding how the Sun will behave in the next 11 years - until approximately 2031 - and allowing society to take effective actions to avoid problems in the communications network and in the transmission of energy, as well as ensuring the safety of the next astronauts. . https://cdn.astrobin.com/images/3740/2022/58a09248-1c79-4b4a-b5b8-a3215e2c111b.png

Panic Sunspot Starting little by little in solar with white light, while still learning, I caught a spot with an interesting shape that reminded me a lot of the movie "Panic". One of the most interesting phenomena that happen on the surface of the Sun, and which is very easy to observe, are sunspots. Although they had been seen since remote antiquity by Chinese astronomers, the first European to observe and describe them systematically was Galileo Galilei, in 1613. Sunspots is an appropriate term. They look like spots on the Sun's disk. A sunspot will have a very dark central region called the umbra. It is often surrounded by a less dark halo known as the penumbra. The umbra is dark because it is cooler (at about 3,500°C/6,300°F) than the surrounding region (at about 5,500°C/10,000°F). Spots change within a period of several days. Photographing the detailed appearance and location of sunspots over several days can provide a clear illustration of this fact. They also travel across the Sun as the Sun rotates around its axis. Because the Sun is fluid, it doesn't rotate like a rigid body. A spot near the equator will need about 25 days to complete one rotation. A spot near the pole, if any, will need a month to complete the journey. Follow-ups over a period of several years will also reveal the 11-year sunspot cycle. During this period the number of spots goes from maximum to minimum, and back to maximum. The photography and tracking of sunspots, is one of the most interesting subdivisions of astrophotography and does not require very expensive equipment to be done in white light. https://cdn.astrobin.com/images/3740/2022/296edad6-d728-482d-b618-1f3ab008c8fa.png

A bridge on the moon! Look at the attached image, see what appears to be a "Bridge" where the crater Polybius K (arrow) is located. This is made more evident by the fact that Polybius K is not a circular crater, it has an irregular shape, as well as the exact moment of capture and the angle of solar illumination collaborated to highlight this wrong impression. In lunar observation, it is very easy for our brains to create or interpret things that do not actually exist. In regions close to the terminator, the play of light and shadow often leads to these wrong comparisons. One of those most notable mistakes was the famous “O'Neill Bridge”, well described by my great friend Gilberto Dumont in the text "An Alien Bridge on the Moon: truth or myth?" (https://www.patoshoje.com.br/blog/uma-ponte-alienigena-na-lua-verdade-ou-mito-67775.html). We cannot condemn this fact, if today with modern equipment and advanced photography techniques, many things still seem strange and can be misinterpreted (see the supposed hut found by the Yusu-2 probe, https://secretsdomundo.r7.com /cnsa-uses-chinese-probe-to-identify-mysterious-hut-on-the-moon/), what to say in the old days. Anyway, lunar photography is a wonderful art, with or without optical illusions, it shows how our satellite is rich in strange formations, it shows that every photo is unique and every moment is unique making our satellite a world worthy of being appreciated. Text: Avani Soares

Eratosthenes and the ghosts Phantom craters are craters that have lost their characteristic shape, meaning a deep hole with high walls and often prominent central peaks. They are much more subtle, often difficult to recognize like the ghost I described in 2012. In this photo we have two easily visible ghosts, they are, Wallace, in which the southeast walls are missing, and Stadius, already in a much more advanced stage of degradation, both indicated in the photo. The right time to observe this class of craters is when they are close to the terminator, as at this moment, even small elevations and depressions in the ground are easily evident. A ghost crater is a crater buried in lava, with only the crater rim visible or sometimes not even that. How are they formed? Let's say a regular crater forms from an asteroid/meteor impact at some point. Thereafter, during the period of active volcanism on the Moon, lava eruptions in the area may fill the crater to the rim, leaving only the rim behind. Many of these phantom craters were located on the moon, including the one I posted a new topic on Astrobin recently: https://www.astrobin.com/0fkqmh/, as well as was described in the book "Astrofotografia Amadora no Brasil, chap. 19, page 282".

Some time ago I posted a photo with the Astrobin comment ( http://www.astrobin.com/57641/ ) that I suspected that the alignment of craters near Muller could be a Catena. Seeing this new photo taken a few days ago when the two are present (Muller and Davy) this feeling gets even stronger. Still, I reserve the right to doubt mainly due to the diameter of the craters that appear to form Muller, they are too large for us to imagine a stone block of this size rebounding or even a succession of blocks hitting the Moon after the initial object has been fragmented. . However, not being totally impossible, the suggestion for posteriority remains. Catena, catenae (Chain of Craters) - Name adopted by the UAI to designate a chain of craters on the surface of the moon or a planet. They are the result of the rebound and eject material from the impact that formed the main crater. Davy crater crater is one of the most spectacular crater ridges on the Moon, stretching about 50 km away from the rim of ancient Davy crater. https://www.astrobin.com/ke0aru/

Congratulations friend Ruud, a really wonderful drawing!

And the sun rises in the Hills of Marius

One day after the other! Plato exactly in the terminator and 24 hours later shows great details. Many craters on the floor show when you have a good seeing, another detail is the Rima at the bottom of Vallis Alpes, easily visible in both photos.

Uranus Diameter: 50,724 km Surface area: 8,083,079,690 km² Mass: 8.681 x 1025 kg Density: 1.27 g/cm³ Gravity: 8.87 m/s² Distance from the Sun: 2,870,658,186 km Natural Satellite: 27 Known Moons Rotation period: 17 hours and 14 minutes Translation period: 84 terrestrial years Average temperature: -197°C Atmospheric composition: hydrogen, helium and methane Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun and the third largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter and Saturn. Its mass is approximately 14 times that of Earth, and it is four times its size. Like Neptune, it is nicknamed the Ice Giant due to its average surface temperature of -197 ºC (due to its distance from the Sun) and its composition. The planet's atmosphere is formed by hydrogen, helium and methane, which is the element responsible for the bluish-green color observed in images obtained from telescopes. There are also very small amounts of water and ammonia in its atmospheric composition, where, in the lower layers (troposphere), there is cloud formation. Atmospheric winds on Uranus reach speeds of up to 900 km/h. One of the most curious aspects of Uranus is its magnetosphere. The magnetic axis of this planet has a large inclination of about 60 degrees with respect to its axis of rotation. Furthermore, he finds himself displaced from the center. Another unique feature of Uranus is the 97.7° inclination of its equator. Seasons are therefore described as the most extreme in the Solar System. At the solstices, while one hemisphere receives light for the entire period, the other plunges into complete darkness for about 21 Earth years. The North Pole stands out (right) even in amateur photographs because of its lighter color compared to the rest of the planet.

With only 2 months left to complete 10 years of the ghost crater discovered by me, I present a new photo in better resulution of the formation in question and take the opportunity to transcribe the original text with some minor adaptations. "I've always had the greatest interest in astrophotography of Lunar formations and from the beginning, using mainly the Virtual Moon Atlas, I tried to find and know the most striking features of the regions I observed or photographed. As time went by, I acquired a better knowledge and more easily recognized these regions and their main accidents, which greatly facilitated the perception of anything that clashed with the traditionally observed landscape. So on January 5, 2012, photographing the region near Plateau Aristarchus, I noticed a strange depression that caught my attention. I tried to locate it on lunar maps and even in the Virtual Moon Atlas, but I found nothing. I searched the internet, asked for help from colleagues in Brazil and abroad to clarify what this training could be, I believed that it should already be known or that others had already observed it. In principle, I couldn't find any reference to this lunar formation. Looking at the attached photo, the impression we have is the existence of a depression that is only revealed when the Sun is at a very low angle of illumination. I sent the original photos to my friend Vaz Tolentino from the Lunar Observatory (VTOL) back in 2012 and he gave me the following explanation: Indeed, your photo, due to the angle of sunlight, captured an interesting and unusual circular depression, which has along its southwestern rim, the crater WOLLASTON D (5km in diameter). The formation is very strange in that it doesn't look in the style of known ghost craters. The strange and unusual thing is that, it appears that the supposed crater was flooded by basaltic lava and, instead of filling up and leveling off with the surrounding outer floor, it only filled a little and didn't even out, remaining like a "gourd" or "bowl ", in addition to leaving no traces of a central peak. This depression appears to be about 42 km in diameter, being slightly larger than ARISTARCHUS. I checked LRO images and unfortunately I can't identify anything due to the sunlight being high in the photos. We need more photos of this region, in light conditions similar to the one in this photo. At Alexandre Amorim's suggestion, I decided to contact BAA (http://www.baalunarsection.org.uk/) Lunar Section where I made contact with Dr. Anthony Cook. I sent to the same the photos obtained by me in January and June 2012, as well as I reported the suspicion that the referred depression had not yet been catalogued. After exchanging several emails, I received the following message from Dr. Cook, which I transfer in full: On Mon 4/06/12 07:06 , "Tony Cook [atc]" atc@aber.ac.uk sat: Dear Avani, Thank you for your images. It looks like a buried ghost crater that you have found. Please keep on looking for another ghost craters elsewhere on the Moon because I think that there may be quite a few that are visible near to sun rise or sunset that remain to be discovered. I think this work will be of great interest to Peter the Greek. Also I like the quality of your images. If you would like to take images on the dates and times that are listed in: http://users.aber.ac.uk/atc/tlp/tlp.htm ... and find Brazil, then this could be very useful for my own research in disproving some TLP observations from the past. Many thanks Tony Dr Anthony Cook Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion. SY23 3BZ. United Kingdom In April 2013 using the new QHY 5L camera, a color CMOs dedicated to high resolution Lunar and planetary photography, I got a more detailed photo of the place where the depression was located: This allowed colleague Vaz Tolentino to trace the altimetric profile of depression and perform the following analysis: "Dear Avani and Amorim: Analyzing the Avani photos (January/2012 - April/2013), together with the altimetric profile that presents a classic phantom crater depression, I reach the conclusion that, most likely, it is the discovery of a new phantom crater without cataloging. Also analyzing the altimetry of the ghost craters DAGUERRE, LAMONT and that discovered by VTOL in February 2011, I came to the conclusion that they have very similar altimetric profiles, and the Avani ghost crater is a little shallower (46 km of diameter per 130 m depth) than DAGUERRE and LAMONT (both approximately 400 m deep). However, Avani's ghost crater depth (130m) is more compatible with the ghost crater discovered by VTOL (which is approximately 100m deep). What this means? It means that, in the past (at the time of the ancient selenographers), when the main interest in observing the Moon was to map its relief, identifying and naming its formations, they did not have the current technology, that is, shallow formations like these two Phantom craters (Avani and VTOL) are very difficult to see through an eyepiece, to be sure of what you are actually looking at. After the initial period of cataloging and naming relief formations, lunar map drawings and other studies, the space age arrived. The first robotic lunar probes (Soviet and American) and the manned landings of the APOLLO missions had other scientific goals than discovering new, uncatalogued formations. Furthermore, even in the very high resolution photos taken by modern robotic lunar probes (SELENE, LRO, GRAIL, etc.), the images were mostly captured with sunlight coming from above and not obliquely, which makes it difficult relief enhancement and does not facilitate the identification of shallower formations such as these phantom craters. For modern selenographs, only after the technological evolution of digital cameras (CCD and CMOS), together with the evolution of telescope optics (large and good mirrors and also APO lenses), combined with the favorable angle of incidence of light on the lunar surface, it became easier to identify new smaller formations, "camouflaged" and not cataloged on the Moon. Congratulations Avani Soares on your discovery! Another point marked by the new generation of Brazilian selenographers. A hug from the VTOL team! In this way, I believe that any misunderstanding regarding the existence and identification of the aforementioned training is ruled out, only lacking the official disclosure and recognition to crown the aforementioned work."

Plateau Aristharcus and my ghost crater October, 18-2021; 01:08 TU C14 Edge + ASI 290MC + IR Pass 685 Fire Capture, AS!3 and Irfan Parsec Observatory, Brazil by Avani Soares With only 2 months left to complete 10 years of the ghost crater discovered by me, I present a new photo in better resulution of the formation in question and take the opportunity to transcribe the original text with some minor adaptations. "I've always had the greatest interest in astrophotography of Lunar formations and from the beginning, using mainly the Virtual Moon Atlas, I tried to find and know the most striking features of the regions I observed or photographed. As time went by, I acquired a better knowledge and more easily recognized these regions and their main accidents, which greatly facilitated the perception of anything that clashed with the traditionally observed landscape. So on January 5, 2012, photographing the region near Plateau Aristarchus, I noticed a strange depression that caught my attention. I tried to locate it on lunar maps and even in the Virtual Moon Atlas, but I found nothing. I searched the internet, asked for help from colleagues in Brazil and abroad to clarify what this training could be, I believed that it should already be known or that others had already observed it. In principle, I couldn't find any reference to this lunar formation. Looking at the attached photo, the impression we have is the existence of a depression that is only revealed when the Sun is at a very low angle of illumination. I sent the original photos to my friend Vaz Tolentino from the Lunar Observatory (VTOL) back in 2012 and he gave me the following explanation: Indeed, your photo, due to the angle of sunlight, captured an interesting and unusual circular depression, which has along its southwestern rim, the crater WOLLASTON D (5km in diameter). The formation is very strange in that it doesn't look in the style of known ghost craters. The strange and unusual thing is that, it appears that the supposed crater was flooded by basaltic lava and, instead of filling up and leveling off with the surrounding outer floor, it only filled a little and didn't even out, remaining like a "gourd" or "bowl ", in addition to leaving no traces of a central peak. This depression appears to be about 42 km in diameter, being slightly larger than ARISTARCHUS. I checked LRO images and unfortunately I can't identify anything due to the sunlight being high in the photos. We need more photos of this region, in light conditions similar to the one in this photo. At Alexandre Amorim's suggestion, I decided to contact BAA (http://www.baalunarsection.org.uk/) Lunar Section where I made contact with Dr. Anthony Cook. I sent to the same the photos obtained by me in January and June 2012, as well as I reported the suspicion that the referred depression had not yet been catalogued. After exchanging several emails, I received the following message from Dr. Cook, which I transfer in full: On Mon 4/06/12 07:06 , "Tony Cook [atc]" atc@aber.ac.uk sat: Dear Avani, Thank you for your images. It looks like a buried ghost crater that you have found. Please keep on looking for another ghost craters elsewhere on the Moon because I think that there may be quite a few that are visible near to sun rise or sunset that remain to be discovered. I think this work will be of great interest to Peter the Greek. Also I like the quality of your images. If you would like to take images on the dates and times that are listed in: http://users.aber.ac.uk/atc/tlp/tlp.htm ... and find Brazil, then this could be very useful for my own research in disproving some TLP observations from the past. Many thanks Tony Dr Anthony Cook Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion. SY23 3BZ. United Kingdom In April 2013 using the new QHY 5L camera, a color CMOs dedicated to high resolution Lunar and planetary photography, I got a more detailed photo of the place where the depression was located: This allowed colleague Vaz Tolentino to trace the altimetric profile of depression and perform the following analysis: "Dear Avani and Amorim: Analyzing the Avani photos (January/2012 - April/2013), together with the altimetric profile that presents a classic phantom crater depression, I reach the conclusion that, most likely, it is the discovery of a new phantom crater without cataloging. Also analyzing the altimetry of the ghost craters DAGUERRE, LAMONT and that discovered by VTOL in February 2011, I came to the conclusion that they have very similar altimetric profiles, and the Avani ghost crater is a little shallower (46 km of diameter per 130 m depth) than DAGUERRE and LAMONT (both approximately 400 m deep). However, Avani's ghost crater depth (130m) is more compatible with the ghost crater discovered by VTOL (which is approximately 100m deep). What this means? It means that, in the past (at the time of the ancient selenographers), when the main interest in observing the Moon was to map its relief, identifying and naming its formations, they did not have the current technology, that is, shallow formations like these two Phantom craters (Avani and VTOL) are very difficult to see through an eyepiece, to be sure of what you are actually looking at. After the initial period of cataloging and naming relief formations, lunar map drawings and other studies, the space age arrived. The first robotic lunar probes (Soviet and American) and the manned landings of the APOLLO missions had other scientific goals than discovering new, uncatalogued formations. Furthermore, even in the very high resolution photos taken by modern robotic lunar probes (SELENE, LRO, GRAIL, etc.), the images were mostly captured with sunlight coming from above and not obliquely, which makes it difficult relief enhancement and does not facilitate the identification of shallower formations such as these phantom craters. For modern selenographs, only after the technological evolution of digital cameras (CCD and CMOS), together with the evolution of telescope optics (large and good mirrors and also APO lenses), combined with the favorable angle of incidence of light on the lunar surface, it became easier to identify new smaller formations, "camouflaged" and not cataloged on the Moon. Congratulations Avani Soares on your discovery! Another point marked by the new generation of Brazilian selenographers. A hug from the VTOL team! In this way, I believe that any misunderstanding regarding the existence and identification of the aforementioned training is ruled out, only lacking the official disclosure and recognition to crown the aforementioned work." Ghost craters, Domes and small Rilles can only be better noticed near the terminator, so this occasion is extremely favorable for observing and discovering new formations.

Rupes Recta and Rima Birt October, 14-2021; 2233 TU C14 Edge + ASI 290MC + IR Pass 685 Captura de fogo + AS! 3 + Irfan 4000 frames no total, empilhando 295

ERATOSTHENES, October, 14-2021; 22:27 TU C14 Edge + ASI 290MC + IR Pass 685 Captura de fogo + AS! 3 + Irfan 4000 frames no total, empilhando 295

Plato, October, 14-2021: 22:23 TU C14 Edge + ASI 290MC + IR Pass 685 Fire Capture + AS!3 + Irfan 4000 frames total, stacking 295

The terminator region is always one of the most beautiful and interesting to photograph. The large shadows in this region give great prominence to the targets located there. At the same time, the high contrast of light and shadow makes it difficult to capture, it is very common for the walls of the craters that face the Sun to be blown out and thus completely lose the details. In this photo, using carefully gain, exposure, and gamma as well as gentle processing, I managed to capture the bright edges of Moretus and Tycho without losing virtually any detail. I hope colleagues know how to appreciate this detail!

One more contribution to the competition.