Hi Chandra, and thanks for your reply. This Hubble Constant (Ho) calculating equation is derived from Maxwell's electromagnetic equations, and Einstein's Relativity. The Pi to the power of 21 part describes the "controlling effect" of the intervening "spacetime" or "Aether", or whatever else you wish to call the "substance composition" of the intervening distance between the observer and the observed. This equation works, and opens up several areas that are incorrectly interpreted about what Hubbles Constant REALLY is, and its place the universe, and how the intervening distances of space "looked through" by Astronomers directly determines the numerical value of Ho, which in standard units is 71 K / S / Mpc. Kind regards, David Hine.